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Insects as bio-indicators of environmental pollution : A review

U. Jan, T.H. Askary and H. Jan

ABSTRACT

Environmental pollution is a leading problem worldwide. Pollutants must be detected and remediated by numerous technological tools. Several pollutants could be perceived by certain bio-indicators, each one is used to recognize assured single or a group of pollutants. Bio-indicators are living organisms that can provides us an indication of health or determine the collective effects of different pollutants in the ecosystem. So, bio-indicators can be used to monitor how the biological community responds to management decisions. Arthropods, especially insects, are useful in assessing the effects of anthropogenic activities on ecosystem over a lengthy period of time. These insects are habitually used as bio-indicators because they are most frequently found in varied ecosystems and have high sensitivity for detecting early changes in the ecosystem. Thus, the insects performing the role of bio-indicators relate to the groups comprising dragonflies and damselflies, mayflies, stoneflies, caddis flies, honeybees, beetles, collembolans, lepidopterans, ants and syrphid flies. In the aquatic environment, Odonata species are more sensitive to environmental changes in water. On the land, Coleoptera order has various bio-indicator species such as Scarabaeidae family (beetles) in the woody and farming areas. Some Lepidoptera and Diptera groups are used as heavy metal pollution indicators. In environmental pollution, bees are used to monitor trace metals especially in urban environments. Therefore, it is concluded that insects have many potential representatives that can be used as environmental bio-indicators.

Key words: Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem, bio-indicators, environmental pollution, insects, monitoring

Biophilic spaces, the connection between green surroundings and human well-being : A review

B. Asnani and A. Sharma

ABSTRACT

Amid escalating environmental challenges, sustainable biophilic spaces offer a proactive solution to reduce carbon footprints and ecological impact. Incorporating features like solar power, rainwater harvesting, biogas systems, and organic gardening, green housing exemplifies the future of eco-conscious
living. Transitioning to a sustainable lifestyle has become imperative as deforestation, pollution, and environmental degradation threaten global ecosystems. While constructing a fully sustainable home might be ambitious, small lifestyle adjustments such as energy conservation and waste reduction can significantly contribute to environmental preservation. Every individual effort plays a crucial role in fostering a balanced and sustainable future for the planet. Biophilic design has contributed to creating built environments within a taste of nature. The tangible features offer the occupants psychological restoration, releasing stress and mental fatigue. Biophilic design is an aesthetic choice; a powerful approach that enhances physical and mental health by fostering a deep connection to the natural world. From reducing stress and improving air quality to promoting eco-friendly practices and enhancing cognitive function, the benefits of integrating nature into our built environments are vast and welldocumented. Whether through biophilic architecture in urban centres or innovative educational spaces, the application of biophilia principles can lead to healthier, happier, and more sustainable communities.

Key words: Biophilia, biophilic space, greenery, human well-being, plants

Lamps as a heat source for mitigating cold stress in calves : A review

A. Arya, S. Sahu, A. Sarangi and L.K. Gumpha

ABSTRACT

The livestock industry’s success hinges on animal health, serving as a key factor in increasing productivity. Understanding disease occurrence and mortality patterns in dairy herds is crucial for assessing herd health and management efficacy. Calves are vital for the herd’s future, influencing livestock farm productivity, economic outcomes, and production yields. Survival and optimal growth require proper nutrition and effective management, particularly in regions with significant seasonal variations. Cold stress negatively impacts growth, reproduction, and health, triggering complex physiological responses. Exposure to cold environments, drafts, and wet bedding heightens susceptibility to pneumonia and infectious diseases, impacting animal productivity and financial losses for livestock owners. Various methods, including community housing and infrared heat lamps, are employed to protect calves from cold stress. By taking advantage of infrared radiation’s thermal and optical qualities, calf shed heating requirements can be decreased overall, improving animal comfort and lowering stress levels. This review aims to evaluate different lamp types’ effectiveness in reducing cold stress in calves during the winter season

Key words: : Calves, cold stress, infrared heat lamps, winter

Navigating heritage: Land restoration, desertification and drought resilience through indigenous wisdom

S. Pundir, B. Satpathy, B. Sahoo, N. Mishra and R.K. Samantarai

ABSTRACT

Theme of World Environment Day 2024 was “Land restoration, desertification, and drought resilience”, decided by the United Nations and in view of this, the review has been undertaken. Indigenous knowledge has deeply rooted ancestral wisdom and cultural traditions and offers invaluable insights into sustainable resource management and environmental conservation. It explores the key characteristics of indigenous knowledge systems, including their oral tradition, holistic perspective, adaptability, and experiential learning. Drawing upon examples from diverse cultures worldwide, it highlights the role of indigenous knowledge in areas such as land restoration, desertification and drought resilience. Emphasizing the interconnectedness between people and their environment, indigenous knowledge embodies principles of harmony, balance, and reciprocity with nature. As global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss escalate, recognizing and incorporating indigenous knowledge into mainstream policies and practices is essential for promoting environmental sustainability, cultural diversity, and social justice. This article concludes by advocating for greater collaboration, respect, and empowerment of indigenous communities in environmental conservation efforts, fostering a more inclusive and equitable approach to protecting our planet for future generations.

Key words: Desertification, holistic, indigenous knowledge, land restoration, sustainability

Decoding canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: An overview of current and emerging diagnostic techniques with focus on the Indian context

M. Lalhmangaihzuali, S.K. Behera, J.B. Rajesh, N. Khan, A. Sandilya, P. Kar and P. Chakraborty

ABSTRACT

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a prevalent ophthalmic condition in canines characterized by insufficient tear production, leading to corneal inflammation and discomfort. Timely and accurate diagnosis is paramount for effective management and treatment of this disease. The Schirmer tear test (STT) is frequently employed as the primary diagnostic procedure used to evaluate canine KCS. However, STT alone is insufficient for optimizing therapeutic strategies and for comprehensively identifying other factors that influence ocular surface homeostasis. Thus, this review systematically examines the existing diagnostic strategies for canine KCS, detailing their methodologies, clinical implications, and limitations, particularly emphasizing the challenges and opportunities within the Indian context. Additionally, advanced diagnostic tools that enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide insights into the pathophysiology of KCS were explored. Currently, there is a lack of meticulous research investigating the prevalence of canine KCS and other ocular surface disorders, along with a notable absence of reliable documentation of diagnostic methodologies for these ocular conditions within the Indian context. By synthesizing relevant literature and clinical practices, this review aims to furnish veterinary practitioners with a thorough understanding of the diagnostic landscape for KCS. The significance of a multimodal diagnostic approach is highlighted, supporting the concept that early detection and treatment can significantly improve the quality of life and ocular health of affected canines.

Key words: Canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca, clinical implications, diagnostic tests, ophthalmic affections, pathophysiology

Assessment of bovine rearing practices followed by farmers in Hisar district of Haryana, India

N. Kumar, S. Kumar, S.P. Dahiya and M. Kumar

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to assess socioeconomic profile and bovine rearing practices pertaining to feeding, housing, breeding and milking management followed by dairy farmers of Haryana state. The information on respondents from eight villages of Hisar district were collected through well-developed questionnaire and analysed. Majority of the respondents belonged to age group 31-60 years (80.77%), while 17.31% respondents were young (18-30 years). Regarding general management practices, it was found that about two third (68%) farmers didn’t cut and disinfect the navel cord after birth and 40% farmers fed colostrum to calves after expulsion of the placenta. In housing management, semi-closed type of housing with provision of brick paved (52.88%), earthen floor (38.46%) and pucca/concrete (8.65%) were practised and shed roofs were cemented (41.35%) followed by thatched roof (34.62%). Regarding breeding management, only 22% of farmers fed concentrate to animals before breeding. Only 33.65% of the farmers knew about the mastitis and more than half (59.62%) of the farmers were drying off their animals abruptly. Keeping view of above, scientific trainings are required to make the farmers aware especially about cutting and disinfection of navel cord, colostrum feeding, dry cow therapy and control of mastitis.

Key words: Bovine, feeding, health, housing, socio-economic

A comprehensive review of the gross anatomy of the mammary gland in domestic animals

N. Singh, M. Kumar, S. Sathapathy, K.N. Singh, D.K. Chaurasia, D. Lade and A. Verma

ABSTRACT

The mammary gland, specialized for lactation, shows significant anatomical variation among domestic animals. This review synthesizes key studies on the gross anatomy of the mammary gland in cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pig, and horse, focusing on unique adaptations for efficient milk production. In cows, the mammary gland features a complex arrangement of lobules and ducts for high milk yield, while goats have a more compact structure optimized for efficient milk storage and secretion. Sheep possess distinct features tailored to their lactation needs, and buffaloes exhibit adaptations suited to their environment. Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, lactation, and involution critically influence these anatomical changes, affecting glandular development and milk synthesis. Understanding these anatomical characteristics is vital for improving dairy management practices and enhancing milk production. Insights from this review can inform breeding programs aimed at optimizing mammary gland performance, contributing to the sustainability of dairy operations, and benefiting both producers and animals

Key words: Anatomical variations, hormonal changes, mammary gland

Successful therapeutic management of theileriosis in buffalo: A case report

R. Sachan, S. Singh, N. Singh, R. Singh, Asha, D. Lade and A. Verma

ABSTRACT

A five-year-old buffalo was presented at the Kothari Veterinary Hospital, Mathura with a complaint of high fever, weakness, reduced appetite, and swelling of lymph nodes. Upon clinical examination, the animal exhibited signs of anemia, and an elevated body temperature. Peripheral blood smears revealed the presence of Theileria organisms, confirming the diagnosis of theileriosis. The buffalo was treated with Buparvaquone as the primary antiprotozoal agent, along with supportive therapy including antibiotics, fluids, and multivitamins. Over the course of treatment, the buffalo showed significant improvement in clinical signs, and hematological parameters returned to normal body condition. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention in the management of theileriosis in buffalo. The combination of specific antiprotozoal treatment and supportive therapies, including fluid therapy and nutritional support, proved to be effective in improving the animal’s condition and preventing further complications. The findings underscore the need for integrated management strategies to ensure successful outcomes in buffalo affected by theileriosis.

Key words: Buffalo, clinical signs, theileriosis, therapeutic management, treatment

Phytochemical, cytotoxicity and thin layer chromatography analysis of Ophioglossum reticulatum L.: A wild fern species

S. Rout, R.S. Devi and S. Kumar

ABSTRACT

Ophioglossum reticulatum, a popular wild edible fern species among tribal and rural communities, has been selected to carry out biochemical analysis to document their metabolites, making them a good nutraceutical source. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and toxicity assessment towards Artemia salina was carried out followed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using extracts of O. reticulatum leaves. Results revealed that leaf extracts have diverse primary and secondary metabolites, and ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest toxicity against A. salina. TLC analysis of methanol extract showed the appearance of maximum spots. The present study revealed that the leaves of O. reticulatum could be used as nutraceutical agents in urban areas for their medicinal and food values.

Key words: Chromatography, fern, nutraceutical, Ophioglossum, secondary metabolites

Study of butterfly diversity in Lingthem, Dzongu (North Sikkim), India

C. Lepcha, B.K. Sharma and J. Bhutia

ABSTRACT

Butterflies are a key component for a healthy ecosystem and an indicator of pollution. Dzongu has a rich diversity of flora, fauna, insects and butterflies. The present research was done to study the diversity of butterfly in Lingthem, Dzongu in North district of Sikkim, India. During the study, a total of 123 species were recorded belonging to 81 genera which falls under six families. Out of which, 38 genera fall under Nymphalidae, 17 genera under Lycaenidae, 12 genera under Hesperiidae, eight genera under Pieridae, four genera under Papilionoidae and three genera under Riodinidae. Twenty species recorded in the study area that are protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The study area was divided into three segments which are open areas, forests and streams. The Shannon Index (𝐻՛) was found the highest in the open area (4.29) followed by forest area (3.77) and along the streams (3.43). It indicated the rich diversity of butterfly population in the study region.

Key words: Butterfly, diversity, Lingthem, North-Sikkim, Nymphalidae

 A study on avifaunal diversity of Dhaltangarh Reserve Forest of Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha, India

R.K. Swain and R.K. Samantarai

ABSTRACT

The abundance and species diversity of birds in Dhaltangarh Reserve Forest, Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha has been studied. The habitat type and size of the forest are the main criteria which influence the diversity and species richness. The Daltangarh is found to be rich in avian species diversity and many wild animals including some medicinal plants. In winter, the diversity of bird species was found to be increased though the number of residential birds is high throughout the year. Transect count and point count methods were used to study the abundance of birds. The observation was conducted by periodically walking along the study area early in the morning and late in the afternoon. A total of 105 bird species were grouped and 44 families were recorded. An appropriate management plan needs to be drawn to safeguard the birds in these sites is essential to protect birds from these areas.

Key words: Avifauna, bird diversity, Dhaltangarh, ecosystem, reserve forest

Farm mechanization and its perspective in Indian agriculture

S. Khandai, D.S. Parihar, P.P. Jena, R. Namdeo, V. Kumar and R. Yahaya

ABSTRACT

India contributes approximately 15% of its gross value added (GVA) to the overall economy, and approximately 45.76% of its workforce is involved in agriculture. However, availability of labour during peak periods of cultivation as well as, labour wages make agriculture non-viable for small and marginal farmers, who account for 83% of the land. Mechanization could play a vital role in pulling the farmers out of this difficult situation, as well as in achieving the concept of doubling farmers’ income. However, Indian agriculture mechanized only 40–45%. The initiative to set up Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) and hubs for high-tech and high-value farm equipment, as well as Farm Machinery Banks, aims to “reach the unreached” by making farm machines available and affordable to small and marginal farmers. India is currently at a juncture when it needs to not only explore ways to enhance precision farming through automation and mechanization but also ensure the efficient utilization of this technology. The next step should be to develop a rigorous “model for maximizing” the adoption and scaling of appropriate scale and the “right technology,” and doing so is necessary before proceeding.

Key words: Custom hiring centres, farm mechanization, labour, precision